6% and 10% Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections provide a mixture of essential and nonessential amino acids as well as taurine and a soluble form of tyrosine, N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine (NAT). This amino acid composition has been specifically formulated to provide a well tolerated nitrogen source for nutritional support and therapy for infants and young children. When administered in conjunction with cysteine hydrochloride, 6% and 10% Amino Acid Injections result in the normalization of the plasma amino acid concentrations to a profile consistent with that of a breast-fed infant.
The rationale for 6% and 10% Amino Acid Injections is based on the observation of inadequate levels of essential amino acids in the plasma of infants receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) using conventional amino acid solutions. These formulas were developed through the application of specific pharmacokinetic multiple regression analysis relating amino acid intake to the resulting plasma amino acid concentrations.
Clinical studies in infants and young children who required TPN therapy showed that infusion of 6% and 10% Amino Acid Injections with a cysteine hydrochloride admixture resulted in a normalization of the plasma amino acid concentrations. In addition, weight gains, nitrogen balance, and serum protein concentrations were consistent with an improving nutritional status.
When infused with hypertonic dextrose as a calorie source, supplemented with cysteine hydrochloride, electrolytes, vitamins, and minerals, Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections provide total parenteral nutrition in infants and young children, with the exception of essential fatty acids.
It is thought that the acetate from lysine acetate and acetic acid, under the conditions of parenteral nutrition, does not impact net acid-base balance when renal and respiratory functions are normal. Clinical evidence seems to support this thinking; however, confirmatory experimental evidence is not available.
The amount of chloride present in Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections is not of clinical significance. The addition of cysteine hydrochloride will contribute to the chloride load.
The electrolyte content of any additives that are introduced should be carefully considered and included in total input computations.
Indications and Usage for Premasol
6% and 10% Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections are indicated for the nutritional support of infants (including those of low birth weight) and young children requiring TPN via either central or peripheral infusion routes. Parenteral nutrition with Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections is indicated to prevent nitrogen and weight loss or treat negative nitrogen balance in infants and young children where: (1) the alimentary tract, by the oral, gastrostomy, or jejunostomy route, cannot or should not be used, or adequate protein intake is not feasible by these routes; (2) gastrointestinal absorption of protein is impaired; or (3) protein requirements are substantially increased as with extensive burns. Dosage, route of administration, and concomitant infusion of non-protein calories are dependent on various factors, such as nutritional and metabolic status of the patient, anticipated duration of parenteral nutritional support, and vein tolerance. See Dosage and Administration for additional information.
Central Venous Nutrition
Central venous infusion should be considered when amino acid solutions are to be admixed with hypertonic dextrose to promote protein synthesis in hypercatabolic or severely depleted infants, or those requiring long-term parenteral nutrition.
Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition
For moderately catabolic or depleted patients in whom the central venous route is not indicated, diluted amino acid solutions mixed with 5-10% dextrose solutions may be infused by peripheral vein, supplemented, if desired, with fat emulsion.
Contraindications
Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections are contraindicated in patients with untreated anuria, hepatic coma, inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, including those involving branched chain amino acid metabolism such as maple syrup urine disease and isovaleric acidemia, or hypersensitivity to one or more amino acids present in the solution.
Warnings
This injection is for compounding only, not for direct infusion.
Safe, effective use of parenteral nutrition requires a knowledge of nutrition as well as clinical expertise in recognition and treatment of the complications which can occur. Frequent evaluation and laboratory determinations are necessary for proper monitoring of parenteral nutrition. Studies should include blood sugar, serum proteins, kidney and liver function tests, electrolytes, hemogram, carbon dioxide content, serum osmolalities, blood cultures, and blood ammonia levels.
Administration of amino acids in the presence of impaired renal function or gastrointestinal bleeding may augment an already elevated blood urea nitrogen. Patients with azotemia from any cause should not be infused with amino acids without regard to total nitrogen intake.
Administration of intravenous solutions can cause fluid and/or solute overload resulting in dilution of serum electrolyte concentrations, overhydration, congested states, or pulmonary edema. The risk of dilutional states is inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentrations of the solutions. The risk of solute overload causing congested states with peripheral and pulmonary edema is directly proportional to the electrolyte concentrations of the solutions.
Administration of amino acid solutions to a patient with hepatic insufficiency may result in plasma amino acid imbalances, hyperammonemia, prerenal azotemia, stupor and coma.
Hyperammonemia is of special significance in infants as its occurrence in the syndrome caused by genetic metabolic defects is sometimes associated, although not necessarily in a causal relationship, with mental retardation. This reaction appears to be dose related and is more likely to develop during prolonged therapy. It is essential that blood ammonia be measured frequently in infants. The mechanisms of this reaction are not clearly defined but may involve genetic defects and immature or subclinically impaired liver function.
Conservative doses of amino acids should be given, dictated by the nutritional status of the patient. Should symptoms of hyperammonemia develop, amino acid administration should be discontinued and patient's clinical status reevaluated.
WARNING: This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum.
Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 µg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.
Precautions
General
Clinical evaluation and periodic laboratory determinations are necessary to monitor changes in fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, and acid-base balance during prolonged parenteral therapy or whenever the condition of the patient warrants such evaluation. Significant deviations from normal concentrations may require the use of additional electrolyte supplements.
Strongly hypertonic nutrient solutions should be administered via an intravenous catheter placed in a central vein, preferably the superior vena cava.
Care should be taken to avoid circulatory overload, particularly in patients with cardiac insufficiency.
Special care must be taken when giving hypertonic dextrose to a diabetic or pre-diabetic patient. To prevent severe hyperglycemia in such patients, insulin may be required.
Administration of glucose at a rate exceeding the patient's utilization rate may lead to hyperglycemia, coma, and death.
Administration of amino acids without carbohydrates may result in the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood. Correction of this ketonemia may be achieved by the administration of carbohydrates.
Peripheral administration of 6% and 10% Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections require appropriate dilution and provision of adequate calories. Care should be taken to assure proper placement of the needle within the lumen of the vein. The venipuncture site should be inspected frequently for signs of infiltration. If venous thrombosis or phlebitis occurs, discontinue infusions or change infusion site and initiate appropriate treatment.
Extraordinary electrolyte losses such as may occur during protracted nasogastric suction, vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal fistula drainage may necessitate additional electrolyte supplementation.
Metabolic acidosis can be prevented or readily controlled by adding a portion of the cations in the electrolyte mixture as acetate salts and in the case of hyperchloremic acidosis, by keeping the total chloride content of the infusate to a minimum. Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections contain less than 3 mEq chloride per liter.
Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections contain no added phosphorus. Patients, especially those with hypophosphatemia, may require the addition of phosphate. To prevent hypocalcemia, calcium supplementation should always accompany phosphate administration. To assure adequate intake, serum levels should be monitored frequently.
To minimize the risk of possible incompatibilities arising from mixing this solution with other additives that may be prescribed, the final infusate should be inspected for cloudiness or precipitation immediately after mixing, prior to administration, and periodically during administration.
Do not use unless solution is clear and seal is intact.
Drug product contains no more than 25 µg/L of aluminum.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No in vitro or in vivo carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, or fertility studies have been conducted with 6% and 10% Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections.
Usage in Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category C.Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with 6% and 10% Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections. It is also not known whether Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity.
Special Precautions for Central Venous Nutrition
Administration by central venous catheter should be used only by those familiar with this technique and its complications.
Central venous nutrition may be associated with complications which can be prevented or minimized by careful attention to all aspects of the procedure, including solution preparation, administration, and patient monitoring. It is essential that a carefully prepared protocol, based on current medical practices, be followed, preferably by an experienced team.
Although a detailed discussion of the complications is beyond the scope of this insert, the following summary lists those based on current literature.
Technical.The placement of a central venous catheter should be regarded as a surgical procedure. One should be fully acquainted with various techniques of catheter insertion as well as recognition and treatment of complications. For details of techniques and placement sites, consult the medical literature. X-ray is the best means of verifying catheter placement. Complications known to occur from the placement of central venous catheters are pneumothorax, hemothorax, hydrothorax, artery puncture and transection, injury to the brachial plexus, malposition of the catheter, formation of arteriovenous fistula, phlebitis, thrombosis, and air and catheter embolus.
Septic.The constant risk of sepsis is present during central venous nutrition. Since contaminated solutions and infusion catheters are potential sources of infection, it is imperative that the preparation of parenteral nutrition solutions and the placement and care of catheters be accomplished under controlled aseptic conditions.
Solutions should ideally be prepared in the hospital pharmacy in a laminar flow hood. The key factor in their preparation is careful aseptic technique to avoid inadvertent touch contamination during mixing of solutions and subsequent admixtures.
Parenteral nutrition solutions should be used promptly after mixing. Any storage should be under refrigeration and limited to a brief period of time, preferably less than 24 hours.
Consult the medical literature for a discussion of the management of sepsis during central venous nutrition. In brief, typical management includes replacing the solution being administered with a fresh container and set, and the remaining contents are cultured for bacterial or fungal contamination. If sepsis persists and another source of infection is not identified, the catheter is removed, the proximal tip cultured, and a new catheter reinserted when the fever has subsided. Non-specific, prophylactic antibiotic treatment is not recommended. Clinical experience indicates that the catheter is likely to be the prime source of infection as opposed to aseptically prepared and properly stored solutions.
Metabolic.The following metabolic complications have been reported: metabolic acidosis, hypophosphatemia, alkalosis, hyperglycemia and glycosuria, osmotic diuresis and dehydration, rebound hypoglycemia, elevated liver enzymes, hypo- and hypervitaminosis, electrolyte imbalances, and hyperammonemia in children. Frequent clinical evaluation and laboratory determinations are necessary, especially during the first few days of venous nutrition, to prevent or minimize these complications.
Adverse Reactions
See "WARNINGS" and "Special Precautions for Central Venous Nutrition."
Reactions reported in clinical studies as a result of infusion of the parenteral fluid were water weight gain, edema, increase in BUN, and mild acidosis.
Reactions which may occur because of the solution or the technique of administration include febrile response, infection at the site of injection, venous thrombosis or phlebitis extending from the site of injection, extravasation and hypervolemia.
Local reaction at the infusion site, consisting of a warm sensation, erythema, phlebitis and thrombosis, have been reported with peripheral amino acid infusions, especially if other substances are also administered through the same site.
If electrolyte supplementation is required during peripheral infusion, it is recommended that additives be administered throughout the day in order to avoid possible venous irritation. Irritating additive medications may require injection at another site and should not be added directly to the amino acid infusate.
Symptoms may result from an excess or deficit of one or more of the ions present in the solution; therefore, frequent monitoring of electrolyte levels is essential.
Phosphorus deficiency may lead to impaired tissue oxygenation and acute hemolytic anemia. Relative to calcium, excessive phosphorus intake can precipitate hypocalcemia with cramps, tetany and muscular hyperexcitability.
If an adverse reaction does occur, discontinue the infusion, evaluate the patient, institute appropriate therapeutic countermeasures and save the remainder of the fluid for examination if deemed necessary.
Overdosage
In the event of a fluid or solute overload during parenteral therapy, reevaluate the patient's condition, and institute appropriate corrective treatment.
Premasol Dosage and Administration
The objective of nutritional management of infants and young children is the provision of sufficient amino acid and caloric support for protein synthesis and growth.
The total daily dose of 6% and 10% Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections depends on daily protein requirements and on the patient's metabolic and clinical response. The determination of nitrogen balance and accurate daily body weights, corrected for fluid balance, are probably the best means of assessing individual protein requirements. Dosage should also be guided by the patient's fluid intake limits and glucose and nitrogen tolerances, as well as by metabolic and clinical response.
Recommendations for allowances of protein in infant nutrition have ranged from 2 to 4 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day (2.0 to 4.0 g/kg/day). The recommended dosage of Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections is 2.0 to 2.5 grams of amino acids per kilogram of body weight per day (2.0 to 2.5 g/kg/day) for infants up to 10 kilograms. For infants and young children larger than 10 kilograms, the total dosage of amino acids should include the 20 to 25 grams/day for the first 10 kg of body weight plus 1.0 to 1.25 g/day for each kg of body weight over 10 kilograms.
Typically, Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections are admixed with 50% or 70% Dextrose Injection USP supplemented with electrolytes and vitamins and administered continuously over a 24 hour period.
Total daily fluid intake should be appropriate for the patient's age and size. A fluid dose of 125 mL per kilogram body weight per day is appropriate for most infants on TPN. Although nitrogen requirements may be higher in severely hypercatabolic or depleted patients, provision of additional nitrogen may not be possible due to fluid intake limits, nitrogen, or glucose intolerance.
Cysteine is considered to be an essential amino acid in infants and young children. An admixture of cysteine hydrochloride to the TPN solution is therefore recommended. Based on clinical studies, the recommended dosage is 1.0 mmole of L-cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate per kilogram of body weight per day.
In many patients, provision of adequate calories in the form of hypertonic dextrose may require the administration of exogenous insulin to prevent hyperglycemia and glycosuria. To prevent rebound hypoglycemia, a solution containing 5% dextrose should be administered when hypertonic dextrose solutions are abruptly discontinued.
Fat emulsion coadministration should be considered when prolonged (more than 5 days) parenteral nutrition is required in order to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). Serum lipids should be monitored for evidence of EFAD in patients maintained on fat free TPN.
The provision of sufficient intracellular electrolytes, principally potassium, magnesium, and phosphate, is required for optimum utilization of amino acids. In addition, sufficient quantities of the major extracellular electrolytes sodium, calcium, and chloride, must be given. In patients with hyperchloremic or other metabolic acidoses, sodium and potassium may be added as the acetate salts to provide bicarbonate precursor. The electrolyte content of 6% and 10% Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections must be considered when calculating daily electrolyte intake. Serum electrolytes, including magnesium and phosphorus, should be monitored frequently.
Appropriate vitamins, minerals and trace elements should also be provided.
Central Venous Nutrition.
Hypertonic mixtures of amino acids and dextrose may be safely administered by continuous infusion through a central venous catheter with the tip located in the superior vena cava. Initial infusion rates should be slow, and gradually increased to the recommended 60-125 mL per kilogram of body weight per day. If administration rate should fall behind schedule, no attempt to “catch up” to planned intake should be made. In addition to meeting protein needs, the rate of administration, particularly during the first few days of therapy, is governed by the patient's glucose tolerance. Daily intake of amino acids and dextrose should be increased gradually to the maximum required dose as indicated by frequent determinations of glucose levels in blood and urine.
Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition.
For patients in whom the central venous route is not indicated and who can consume adequate calories enterally, Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections may be administered by peripheral vein with or without parenteral carbohydrate calories. Such infusates can be prepared by dilution with Sterile Water for Injection or 5% -10% Dextrose Injection to prepare isotonic or slightly hypertonic solutions for peripheral infusion. It is essential that peripheral infusion be accompanied by adequate caloric intake.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
A slight yellow color does not alter the quality and efficacy of the product.
Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections may be admixed with solutions which contain phosphate or which have been supplemented with phosphate. The presence of calcium and magnesium ions in an additive solution should be considered when phosphate is also present, in order to avoid precipitation.
Care must be taken to avoid incompatible admixtures. Consult with pharmacist.
Parenteral nutrition solutions should be used promptly after mixing. Any storage should be under refrigeration and limited to a brief period of time, preferably less than 24 hours.
Directions for use of VIAFLEX plastic Pharmacy Bulk Package container
To OpenTear overpouch across top at slit and remove solution container. Discard overpouch and sachet. Some opacity of the plastic due to moisture absorption during the sterilization process may be observed. This is normal and does not affect the solution quality or safety. The opacity will diminish gradually. Check for minute leaks by squeezing inner bag firmly. If leaks are found, discard solution as sterility may be impaired.
For compounding only, not for direct infusion.
Preparation for Admixing- The Pharmacy Bulk Package is to be used only in a suitable work area such as a laminar flow hood (or an equivalent clean air compounding area).
- Suspend container from eyelet support.
- Remove plastic protector from outlet port at bottom of container.
- Attach solution transfer set. Refer to complete directions accompanying set. Note: The closure shall be penetrated only one time with a suitable sterile transfer device or dispensing set which allows measured dispensing of the contents.
- VIAFLEX containers should not be written on directly since ink migration has not been investigated. Affix accompanying label for date and time of entry.
- Once container closure has been penetrated, withdrawal of contents should be completed without delay. After initial entry, maintain contents at room temperature (25°C/77°F) and dispense within 4 hours.
Intravenous fat emulsion should not be administered in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers that use di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as a plasticizer, because the fat emulsion facilitates the leaching of DEHP from these containers.
How is Premasol Supplied
6% and 10% Premasol - sulfite-free (Amino Acid) Injections are supplied in VIAFLEX plastic Pharmacy Bulk Package containers in the following sizes and concentrations:
|
500 mL |
1000 mL |
2000 mL |
| 6% |
2B0011 |
|
|
|
NDC 0338-1131-03 |
|
|
| 10% |
2B0012 |
2B0009 |
2B0010 |
|
NDC 0338-1130-03 |
NDC 0338-1130-04 |
NDC 0338-1130-06 |
Exposure of pharmaceutical products to heat should be minimized. Avoid excessive heat. Protect from freezing. It is recommended the product be stored at room temperature (25°C/77°F). Brief exposure up to 40°C/104°F does not adversely affect the product.
Protect from light until immediately prior to use.
Do not remove container from overpouch until ready to use.
Do not use if overpouch has been previously opened or damaged.
*BAR CODE POSITION ONLY
071952993
Baxter Healthcare Corporation
Clintec Nutrition Division
Deerfield, IL 60015 USA
Printed in USA
BAXTER, Premasol, PL 146, and VIAFLEX are trademarks of Baxter International Inc.
07-19-52-993
Rev. March 2007
PACKAGE LABEL - PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
LOT
EXP
2B0009
NDC 0338-1130-04
1000 mL
10% Premasol -
sulfite-free
(Amino Acid) Injection
10%
Pharmacy Bulk Package
Not For Direct Infusion
Rx Only
Each 100 mL contains Essential Amino Acids LEUCINE 1.4 g ISOLEUCINE 0.82 g
LYSINE 0.82 g (ADDED AS LYSINE ACETATE) VALINE 0.78 g HISTIDINE 0.48 g
PHENYLALANINE 0.48 g THREONINE 0.42 g METHIONINE 0.34 g TYROSINE 0.24 g
(ADDED AS TYROSINE AND N-ACETYL-L-TYROSINE) TRYPTOPHAN 0.20 g
CYSTEINE <0.016 g (ADDED AS CYSTEINE HCl•H2O)
Nonessential Amino Acids ARGININE 1.2 g PROLINE 0.68 g ALANINE 0.54 g
GLUTAMIC ACID 0.50 g SERINE 0.38 g GLYCINE 0.36 g ASPARTIC ACID 0.32 g
TAURINE 0.025 g pH ADJUSTED WITH GLACIAL ACETIC ACID pH 5.5 (5.0-6.0)
OSMOLARITY 865 mOsmol/L (CALC)
mEq/L ACETATE 94 CHLORIDE <3 (CALC) STERILE NONPYROGENIC
CONTAINS NO MORE THAN 25 μg/L OF ALUMINUM
ADDITIVES MAY BE INCOMPATIBLE WITH TH E FLUID WITH DRAWN FROM
THIS CONTAINER CONSULT WITH PHARMACIST IF AVAILABLE
WHEN COMPOUNDING ADMIXTURES USE ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
MIX THOROUGHLY DO NOT STORE
DOSAGE ADMIX FOR INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION AS DIRECTED BY A
PHYSICIAN INTRAVENOUS FAT EMULSION SHOULD NOT BE ADMINISTERED
IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) CONTAINERS THAT USE DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL
PHTHALATE (DEHP) AS A PLASTICIZER BECAUSE THE FAT EMULSION
FACILITATES THE LEACHING OF DEHP FROM THESE CONTAINERS
SEE ACCOMPANYING DIRECTIONS FOR USE
CHECK FOR MINUTE LEAKS BY SQUEEZING BAG FIRMLY
ONCE CONTAINER CLOSURE HAS BEEN PENETRATED WITHDRAWAL
OF CONTENTS SHOULD BE COMPLETED WITHOUT DELAY
AFFIX ACCOMPANYING LABEL FOR DATE AND TIME OF ENTRY
DISPENSE CONTENTS WITHIN 4 HOURS AFTER INITIAL ENTRY
CAUTION DO NOT USE UNLESS SOLUTION IS CLEAR AND SEAL IS INTACT
A SLIGHT YELLOW COLOR DOES NOT ALTER THE QUALITY AND EFFICACY OF
THE PRODUCT
VIAFLEX CONTAINER
PL 146 PLASTIC
Baxter Logo
BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORPORATION
CLINTEC NUTRITION DIVISION
DEERFIELD IL 60015 USA
MADE IN USA
BAXTER Premasol PL 146 AND
VIAFLEX ARE TRADEMARKS OF
BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC
Lot: PXXXXXX
Exp: XXXXXXX
QTY: 12-1000mL
Code: 2B0009
NDC: 0338-1130-04
10% Premasol - Sulfite-Free (Amino Acid) INJ
Viaflex Container
(17)XXXXX00 (10) PXXXXXX
(01) 50303381130041
Premasol - SULFITE-FREE (AMINO ACID)
leucine, lysine acetate, isoleucine, valine, histidine, phenylalanine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine, n-acetyl-tyrosine, arginine, proline, alanine, glutamic acide, serine, glycine, aspartic acid, taurine, cysteine hydrochloride injection |
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Premasol - SULFITE-FREE (AMINO ACID)
leucine, lysine aceta |
